Symptoms

Symptoms of meningitis, which may appear suddenly, often include high fever, severe and persistent headache, stiff neck, nause, and vomiting. Changes in behavior, such as confusion, sleepiness, and difficulty waking up, are important symptoms. In infants, symptoms of meningitis are often much less specific and may include irritability or tiredness, poor feeding, and fever.

Adult Meningitis Symptoms

About 25% of those who develop meningitis have symptoms that develop over 24 hours. The remainder generally become ill over one to seven days. Occasionally, if someone has been on antibiotics for another infection, the symptoms can take longer to develop or may be less intense. If someone is developing fungal meningitis (most commonly someone who is HIV positive), the symptoms may take weeks to develop.

Causes

Many of the bacteria and viruses that cause meningitis are fairly common and are typically associated with other routine illnesses. Bacteria and viruses that infect the skin, urinary system, gastrointestinal or respiratory tract can spread by the bloodstream to the meninges through cerebrospinal fluid, the fluid that circulates in and around the spinal cord.

The most common infectious causes of meningitis vary according to an individual’s age, habits, living environment, and health status. While nonbacterial types of meningitis are more common, bacterial meningitis is the more potentially life-threatening. Three bacterial agents are responsible for about 80% of all bacterial meningitis cases. These bacteria are Haemophilus influenzae type b, Neisseria meningitidis (causing meningococcal meningitis), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (causing pneumococcal meningitis).

How is meningitis diagnosed?

Early diagnosis and treatment are very important. If symptoms occur, the patient should see a doctor immediately. The diagnosis is usually made by growing bacteria from a sample of spinal fluid. The spinal fluid is obtained by performing a spinal tap, in which a needle is inserted into an area in the lower back where fluid in the spinal canal is readily accessible. Identification of the type of bacteria responsible is important for selection of correct antibiotics.

Treatment

If meningitis is suspected, medical advice should be sought immediately. Because some of the early symptoms might be similar to other conditions, a high level of suspicion is required, especially with children.

Prevention is better than cure! Effective vaccines are now available against some types of meningitis.

Acute bacterial meningitis requires prompt treatment with intravenous antibiotics to ensure recovery and reduce the risk of complications.

Pneumovax (also known as Prevenar) against Streptococcus pneumoniae is recommended for all people 65 years of age or older.

Drugs such as dexamethasone are sometimes given to reduce inflammation or to reduce the chance, or spread, of septicemia.

38 weeks pregnant and own candida albicans. the doctors give me Antiboticis velosef. anyone own this problem?
38 and 2 days pregnant – This needs to go in The Pregnancy & Parenting Section … Pregnancy Subdivision . you will seize more responses Source(s): RRT-NPS –

5 yr feeble asthma and spot?
My 5 yr old has asthma, in olden times 2 weeks it has inflammed 2 times. ct scan in may 2008, august 2008 and yesterday 8/27/09 showed spot in one and the same place as both times in 2008. Dr didnt really try to tell me anything but it was unexpected, and…

5. If skeletal muscle have no transverse tubules, would doings potentials still be capable of trigger a contractio?
If skeletal muscle had no transverse tubules, would action potentials still be able to trigger a contraction? – Action Potentials short Contraction in Frog Skeletal Muscle Fibers with Disrupted Transverse Tubules on potentials, with no accompanying contraction, be recorded from muscle fibers in…

6 week ancient son and his grandmother have MRSA…?
I had my son 6 weeks ago and his grandmother hasn’t seen him since we were surrounded by the hospital. She misses him and wants us to visit today, but she’s had MRSA for 3 years.. I guess it’s not treatable for her. She said it’s surrounded by her blood and the…

8 year outdated, have trouble breathing and occasional headache? Serious Answers merely please.?
Ok I brought my son to the doctor because he was having headaches and trouble catching his breath, he said its worse lay down. The doctor said he has sinusitis, and put him on antibiotics for 16 days and zyrtec he stared these meds monday, he is still…

8 year weak boy beside hack dry cough, 2 per minute, end couple of months. Any suggested cause ?
Go to a doctor or Hospital – Allergies is my guess. He desires to see a doctor before he develops bronchitis. They may still give him an inhaler or breathing treatments until the cough goes away. Best of…

86 years aged man geting oxegen filter through hose can river walk to lungs and get things worse?
He has Pneumonia – No, the oxygen is put through the ‘bubbler’ to humidify it and make it easier to breathe, less imagined to cause dry nose/mouth, etc. The humidified air is breathed in, but the wet doesn’t enter the nose…

94 yr. frail grandmother hugely sick?
past 45 minutes my grandmother has been sick. vomiting and diarrhea her diet hasn’t be unusual and I cooked for her. Can she take a suppository called Promethegan 25 mg medicine? – Get her on this it will help with her diarrhea, suppository will not fix it, if she have vomiting & diarrhea,…

A 72 year old-fashioned have be smoking?
appreciation for the 2 points – ok, and what is the question?or, are you bragging or complaining? – yes, I can see the signals from here. .. What’s the question? – and ur point is… – Ok. – apparently – I’ve seen 87 – yea –

A bacterial sinus infection?
Been having on-going sinus problems this year since January (Even though I’ve never had them before..) They sort of catch treated with antibiotics then they come back, so it’s any something else e.g an allergy, or it’s just not been treated fully. octor has given me an appointment at my local ENT clinic at the hospital,…

A BREATHING disorder? please give support to!?
i just finished this book called “It’s kind of a funny story.” kssss – I don’t know of any such disorder. Although, there is a disorder called Sleep Apnea contained by which people stop breathing while they’re sleeping. It usually wakes them up and makes for a restless hours of darkness of…

A chesty cough giving my a tight chest and shortness of breath minister to?
I’ve developed a chesty cough in the last couple of days from a recent cold but i feel really short of breath and my chest feel really tight (I’ve had coughs like this before but my chest feel really tight and i’ve never felt this out of…

A child be coughing contained by a shop, small cough every 2 minutes. What could this be?
Any ideas? The child was about 3 or 4 years hoary. Could it have been swine flu or do children just cough? – my son and I are coughing close to crazy right now – we have both had the flu ay, the…

A cough for more next 6 weeks? Now sore throat and strong to swallow? is this only a cold?
A cold is a virus. It runs through it’s life cycle, then goes away. It take about 2 weeks total. have something else. I had a sore throat for 2 months once. I be young, had…

A coughing situation?
can you get the flu from someone else not covering their mouth when coughing while the person,who has get a bad cough, has been surrounded by the same room as you? ad this really immature entity who thought it was funny to keep coughing without covering his mouth which I find extremely rude even though…

A cross-examine going on for steroids?
Okay, I’m doing an essay on Steroids. oints to best answer. – not that many relatives use them as weed or other drugs. people don’t kill people over roids approaching do over other illicit drugs. and punishment isn’t bad for selling or using the drug. – okaywell no one cares if they bring…

A diabetic long-suffering near a annoying cough?
My mom has been coughing for the last one month. Her cough is usually immensely bad during the night and she has be seen quite a number of doctors. All the doctors said the cough will rob longer time to heal as my mom is a diabetic patient. I wonder if i…

A disease roughly speaking have a disease?
i have many symptons. but im not actually diagosedbut next to anyting. im obsessed with trying to find a mental illness that i enjoy. its almost like i want one. is this a disorder? – OMG you gotz the aidz and the HIV! Run away! You also got’s thte zombie virus! You are…

A examine something like sleep apnea?
I am not 100% sure if I have sleep apnea or not. If I do, it is most likely obstructive sleep apnea. In the past two years, I enjoy woken up in the middle of the night gasping for air. This have happened two times. I do not snore or drink,…

A fancy of something surrounded by my throat, near a few chest misery after meal.?
It all started last week, when I finished up my lunch really fast, after that buffet, I felt like my throat was bleeding, tried to cough it up but it be just my saliva, no blood. A day after that it went away, later I…

A few asthma question?
Hi. =) me start off by saying I’m 17 and I’ve had asthma since I be about 6 or so.. that’s when I joined the cross country team.. Well ever since, my asthma have gotten a lot worse. And I’m not sure what kind of asthma I have. I play hockey.. So I other have…

A few asthma question?
I have astham and in order to dull my chances of getting an attack, i started using a type of medication called advair. This is a little purple disc that REALLY help tame my asthma symptoms before they develop. I no longer have strength insurance yet i still have my prescription for Advair, but now i…

A friend cannot afford needed medication for her sever phnemonia?
she lives in Vancouver Washington.is there any government type of program or someone who might settle for her medication out of charity or w/e. – if her pneumonia is severe she needs to go to the hospital and tell them she can’t settle for the medication cause if she doesnt…

A friend is have chest pains?
dont be so rough contained by bed. – Well it depends on what type of chest pain it is and where on earth in her chest its hurting her. It could be a sign of asthma. Or if she’s around smoke or she does smoke that could be a good reason also.. I reason she…

A friend of mine have have breathing test, xrays, and allergy test among other things.Still cant numeral it out?
He has trouble breathing at random times and suffers from sleep apnea. If the breathing tests and adjectives the other tests were fine, what would be the problem? We have also gone over the theory of panic attacks and anxiety but it…

A high-speed put somebody through the mill for someone that know anything something like doses within medication?
i’m taking steroids and then my doctor also prescribed antibiotics and i have to take 2 pills twice a sunshine and it comes out to be 2000 mg of the antibiotic is that to much i weight 120 – It depends on the…

A interrogate more or less sleep apnea surrounded by children? Possible effects?
My cousin May have sleep apnea (OSA) but we are wondering. Because of the gasping for breath that occurs in sleep apnea, can man sick *as in vomiting* be a symptone. Because when you gasp for air to much you can throw up. She singular throws up once in…

A lot of blood within my snot… what’s wrong?
I think i have a sinus infection, but there’s an awful lot of blood in my snot… it’s pretty horrid. It’s like dark brown and green infused with bright red. I also own a really bad cough. Are there other viruses/illnesses that are related to this symptom? – What you are…

A Morning Sore Throat?
Every so often, when I get up in the morning, i enjoy a sore throat. Nothing serious, just a little soar throat that tends to dance away an hour or two after i wake up. I don’t mind it, it’s just I am wondering why I get them? Should I stay home sick? or is it nil?…

More Respiratory Diseases questions please visit : DiseasesFAQ.com

Adult-onset asthma – suggestion needed?
Last week I went to the doctor with a bad cough and a frozen time breathing – he thought I had bronchitis and prescribed a Z-pack and some hydrocodone cough syrup (). w days went by near no relief and tonight I finally went to the ER because I was sick of one miserable…

ADVAIR! HELP PLEASE!?
Hi So on June 30th my doctor switched by advair dosage from 250/50 to 100/50. Ever since then I started to feel very sick. I get flu like symptoms ( nerviousness, nasuea, hot flashes, stomach aches, and loss of appetite). My periods also become super light but I tool a pregnance…

Advanced PTB at home?
we have a household member who’s diagnosed with advanced PTB. he a moment ago had his check up recently and it revealed that its advanced Tuberculosis. it really made me annoy that they didnt let us know of the disease, i purely heard it from the healthworker (since she’s a family friend) where they have the check…

Advice for nouns from pleurisy?
I get recurrent pleurisy (I have some sort of auto immune condition) and I am fancy rather rough today. I’ve taken pain relief but I be wondering if anyone had any other tips to relieve the symptoms? – A friend of mine had it in elevated school and he laid on his side to ease…

Advice for ratification a pulmonary function exam?
Im trying to join the Air National Guards Pararescue program, but i first need to pass a pulmonary function examination scheduled tomorrow. I used to have asthma back as a child but it hasn’t artificial me at all since, i run track and am really active. Im just worried that i wont miss for…

Advice please??
I had tonsillitis two weeks ago and just finished my antibiotics (amoxycillin) on Tuesday (5 days ago). Last nice I wasn’t feeling too resourcefully and this morning I woke up with a really sore throat and I have been coughing up profoundly of phlegm. What should i do? BTW I have had tonsillitis four or five times in the…

Aerosol destruction. Does it hurt?
Also, how long does it take to actually die from it? I saw this propaganda video in subsidiary school basically (on a subconscious level) associating aerosol abuse beside death. here is the question I wondered after seeing that video that I STILL haven’t found the answer to. Every time I asked about it on a…

After a bleak chest infection i still am terribly rackly and im finding breathing really difficult?
If you are having difficulty breathing you necessitate to go to the ER. – It other takes a long time to fully recover. taken me 6 months once to fully recover and to consistency myself, but I do have asthma. If…

After i attain done smoking i get the impression dizzy…is that commonplace?
You might be pregnant. My brother was killed and on the day of his burial i have a cig and i felt dizzy, i even got sick. I found out a week later i be pregnant. Maybe that’s what’s going on. Source(s): personal experience – Because it…

After I cry I breathe funny similar to miss surrounded by my breathe,where on earth I breathe within massively in a hurry 2or3 times?
i thought it was normal i do it too – No obligation for the doctor, a lot of ppl have that after crying hard including me. Don’t verbs! – it’s hyperventilating, and yeahh sometimes it’s…

After I smoke meth and come down, I see smoke floating around me constantly. Why?
I don’t smoke that often or that much at a time. But ever since the first time coming down/once I was down, I see smoke out of the corners of my eyes, or just looking straight ahead. It’s a trip. Has this happen to anyone else?…

After I vacuum I interest a dusty smell contained by thte nouns which triggers asthma/breathing problems. Any thinking?
I don’t know if the vacuum itself is releasing dust in the air or whats going on but, everytime I start vacuuming I notice a dusty unexpected smell in the air that goes away after several hours but…if I start breathing it even…

After my lung surgery I’m have troubles near gas (burps).?
I just had surgery on my right lung after it collapsed for the second time. Now I’m having frequent urges to burp (often after meals) but its really unyielding to burp because I’m trying to swallow for some reason but even while trying to swallow I hesitate and kind of choke…

After quitting smoking did you experience any breathing problems afterwards, possibly from your lungs?
clearing themselves out? smoked a pack a day for 10 years and I also have asthma. I recently quit over a month ago and my breathing have gotten worse. I am wondering why. – withdrawels – Your lungs have become accustomed to the…

After the April 2009 flood within Houston, Texas?
Our house took on 17” of water which is horrible enough but 2-3 days later I developed a impossible cold and cough that still has not subsided. We’ve had out home fumigated for mold which began to grow two days after the dampen was vacuumed away. I still have bad drainage…

Agree/disagree the object why the personage will hold Tuberculosis is because he is poor?
personality will have tuberculosis because he/she wasn’t immunized and was exposed to the disease. an affect family of any age..poor or rich..and those individuals with weakened immune system including those with AIDS or those infected next to HIV are at increased risk.. kc7655 i think you…

Airconditioner oxygen doubt?
Actually In a window type airconditioner, we have the option to cool the outside nouns and blow it into the room, out any possibility of outside air entering the room except when the doors are opened. So at hand is no way for oxygen to get into the room while sleeping inside. Is it healthy or what is…

Albuterol cross-examine for exercise asthma?
My doctor told me to take 2 puffs of albuterol before running or playing sports, but I already did this morning at 6am for my run, but now I want to run again, would it be undisruptive to take it so much? – Within 4 hours you can have another dose Source(s): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salbutamol …

All abt physiotherapy..?
**i hv a lil confusion in selectin my course..btwn homeopathy n physiotherapy..culd u plz suggest me wt 2 take wich wud be gud.. **in case of physiotherapy is dere any problem if da physiotherapist’s mitt is small,i mean will she be able 2 treat da patient properly.. ourse u can keep assistant but beside a gud qualification regarding…

All my energy ive have asthma im singular 16 so i thought that be the casing wen i kept getting really sharp chest?
pains and i can only breathe threw my mouth but for a few years ive been really paranoid about things and i lately constantly think about death .but i watch a programme about tourettes and found out that…

All my friends are smoking and want me too… give support to??!?
all my friends, well not all but most of them smoke. or tried smoking. and here really cute.. there guys. and this one guy i like smokes. but not when he has a gf or does sports. and i told them im disappointed surrounded by them. and they say…

All of the following physical and laboratory findings are indicative of a bacterial pneumonia except:?
A. Fever n increased white blood cells D. a dry cough – D. Most people who develop pneumonia initially have symptoms of a cold which are later followed by a high fever (sometimes as high as 104 degree Fahrenheit), shaking chills, and a cough…

Allergies or chest infection?
Okay these days my eyes have been irritated, I hold been sneezing alot, my throat feels dry, and today I was wheezing a bit. I checked my temp. and its resembling 97 to 98 degrees. I am not coughing. So if its allergies then its because of the chemicals that were used to pocket away the termites…

Allopathic Vs. Homeopathic Medicine?
What is the difference between allopathic and homeopathic medicine? ed FACTS, not opinions. I’ve search it up so many times but I still don’t have a specific answer to it’s difference. If you can help, that’d be grrreat. Thanks – Allopathy is a residence which the alternative health (sCAM brigade) use to refer to…

Always discern approaching im going to collapse?
I always feel like im going to lightheaded if i stand in the same place to long. Its ruining my liife as I dot even wanna go shopping for fearfulness of standing in queues. what could this be?? thanks within advance. – Sounds like Heart /Blood Pressure problems. You may have fluid…

Am getting this small times next to inability to breath?
I get these little times Very small ones for a second or less with close to my breath get down. this happens specially if I try to sleep. I get so depressed and terrified and I cant sleep ! am only 14 years old. am almost 15 – Maybe you…

Am I a impossible runner or is this asthma?
If I run, I have a hard time catching my breath, I feel a burning sensation contained by my chest, get very thick spit, partiality blood in my mouth, or at least a coppery taste. If I run rock-hard, I think it my breathing sounds wheezy. I hate running because it makes…

Am i artificial by second paw smoke?
my friend smokes around me for like 10mins each day, i try not breathing contained by the stuff and its hard but its been happening merely 2 weeks i have been near him, this just happens if its in the car near him and outside, am i affected by second hand smoke? -…

Am i asthmatic or do i hold a chest infection etc?
earlier on at school my friend was spraying alot of deodrant and hairspray, i be fine at first but now im home im finding my chest is really tight and im finding it a little difficult to breathe, am i asthmatic? – Believe it or not Charlotte it’s actually…

Am i bloodbath myself near plushies?
i have some repository problems, and allergies, i like having the stuffed animals I’m told to ‘acquire rid of them’ (thankfully just shove some in a box) so enjoy a cozy mat in my room, but i’m that is a terrble idea for someone beside asthma and indoor and outdoor allergies (which also is…

Dublin (PRWEB) August 22, 2006

Research and Markets (http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/c40877) has announced the addition of Antiviral Therapeutics: Pipelines and Competitive Dynamics to their offering.

Antiviral Therapeutics: Pipelines and Competitive Dynamics assesses the compounds, the clinical data, the companies, and the market-shifting developments in the antiviral therapeutic category. Sales of antiviral agents currently constitute 25% of the anti-infective drug market. The ability of viruses to develop resistance against drugs, coupled with sub-optimal treatment outcomes as a result of failure of patients to comply with the full course of therapy, will continue to provide the commercial and medical incentive for intense R&D activity.

Until recently, much of the effort to develop new antiviral agents was directed toward improved agents for the treatment of HIV and Hepatitis C (HCV). While these indications continue to attract research dollars and to make measurable progress with respect to dosing, deliverability, and efficacy, several new developments have reignited interest in antiviral disease R&D. These include concern about the evolution of avian influenza into a lethal pandemic and recent approvals for vaccines against certain strains of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) that are associated with high rates of cervical cancer.

Antiviral Therapeutics: Pipelines and Competitive Dynamics survey the 5 major viral disease categories and their sub-indications- HIV, Hepatitis, Herpes Viruses, Human Papilloma Viruses, and Respiratory Viruses.

For each indication, the report provides:

Pathophysiology, incidence and prevalence, symptoms and sequelae.

Assessment of current treatment options.

Assessment of unmet medical need.

Assessment of compounds in development (by agent and by mechanism of action).

Profiles of companies active in antiviral R&D

Indication-specific highlights from the study include:

HIV. 28 NCEs are in various stages of clinical development for HIV, and 5 will apply for regulatory approval through 2008. Agents in development include reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors, including fixed dose combinations, as well as new mechanistic approaches such as integrase inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, attachment inhibitors, maturation inhibitors, and replication and entry blockers.

HCV. Current HCV treatment, a combination of interferon and an antiviral agent, is lengthy, expensive, and effective in only 50% of patients because of poor compliance. Treatments in development are mostly oral agents, with 27 such drugs in various stages of early and mid stage human trials.

HPV. With the exception of a Phase II gel formulation analog of imiquimod, there is limited interest in HPV as a therapeutic target for the development of novel antivirals. However, the development of prophylactic vaccines is of considerable interest because of the high association of infection by certain HPV serotypes with the development of cervical cancer. The recent US approvals of Merck’s Gardasil, and the possible EU approval of GSK’s Cervarix in late 2006, are the first entries.

Individuals in R&D, business development, marketing, and strategy who need to stay on top of competitive developments in this fast-moving field will benefit from Antiviral Therapeutics: Pipelines and Competitive Dynamics.

About the Author TBD

Peter Norman, M.B.A., Ph.D., spent 20 years in the pharmaceutical industry in research and development and competitive intelligence before becoming an independent pharmaceutical consultant, analyst, and author. Dr. Norman has authored a number of original scientific papers in major journals and is an inventor with 11 patent applications. He provides consultancy services to several European, American, and Japanese companies and regularly reviews drugs and patents for Thomson Current Drugs and Ashley Publications. Dr. Norman has written reports analyzing most therapeutic areas.

Chapters Include:

Chapter 1. Viral Disorder and Therapeutic Approaches

Chapter 2. Review of Major Viral Disorders

Chapter 3. Current Treatment

Chapter 4. Compounds in Development: New Antiviral Agents

Chapter 5. Company R&D Profiles

Chapter 6. EXPERT INTERVIEWS: Dr. Michael G. Cordingley, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd.; Dr. Stef Heylen, Tibotec; Professor Bertil Samuelsson, Medivir AB

Glossary

Company Index with Web Sites

Tables and Figures

The Companies Mentioned inside this Report include:

Abbott

Achillion

Boehringer Ingelheim

Biota Holdings

Bristol-Myers Squibb

Chiron

Coley

Enzo Biochem

Gilead Sciences

GlaxoSmithKline

Hoffmann-La Roche

Idenix Pharmaceuticals

Japan Tobacco

Johnson & Johnson

Medivir

Merck & Co.

Novartis AG

Panacos Pharmaceuticals

Pfizer

sanofi pasteur

Schering-Plough

Trimeris

Valeant

Vertex

ViroPharma Incorporated

For more information visit http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/c40877

Laura Wood

Senior Manager

Research and Markets

Fax: +353 1 4100 980

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Pneumonia Causes:

Some cases of pneumonia are contracted by inhaling disease-causing microbes that infect the lungs, causing inflammation and in-turn pneumonia. When an infected person sneezes or coughs, these microbes become airborne again and infect more people. And in few cases, pneumonia is caused when some mouth, throat or nose dwelling bacteria or virus enter the lungs, causing inflammation and infection. However, if a person suffers from another illness and has weakened immunity, a severe pneumonia can develop. People who have suffered viral infections recently, lung disease, heart disease, and swallowing problems and alcoholics, drug users and those who have suffered a stroke or seizure are at higher risk for developing pneumonia than the general population.

Pneumonia Symptoms and Signs:

Most people who develop pneumonia initially have symptoms of a cold (upper respiratory infection, for example, sneezing, sore throat, cough), which are then followed by a high fever (sometimes as high as 104 F), shaking chills, and a cough with sputum production. The sputum is usually discolored and sometimes bloody. Depending on the location of the infection, certain symptoms are more likely to develop. When the infection settles in the air passages, cough and sputum tend to predominate the symptoms. In some, the spongy tissue of the lungs that contain the air sacs is more involved. In this case, oxygenation can be impaired, along with stiffening of the lung, which results in shortness of breath. At times, the individual’s skin color may change and become dusky or purplish (a condition known as “cyanosis”) due to their blood being poorly oxygenated.

The only pain fibers in the lung are on the surface of the lung, in the area known as the pleura. Chest pain may develop if the outer aspects of the lung close to the pleura are involved. This pain is usually sharp and worsens when taking a deep breath and is known as pleuritic pain or pleurisy. In other cases of pneumonia, depending on the causative organism, there can be a slow onset of symptoms. A worsening cough, headaches, and muscle aches may be the only symptoms.

Children and babies who develop pneumonia often do not have any specific signs of a chest infection but develop a fever, appear quite ill, and can become lethargic. Elderly people may also have few symptoms with pneumonia.

Some of the Organisms that cause Pneumonia, and How are they Treated:

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is another form of pneumonia that usually involves both lungs. It is seen in patients with a compromised immune system, either from chemotherapy for cancer, HIV/AIDS, and those treated with TNF (tumor necrosis factor), such as for rheumatoid arthritis. Once diagnosed, it usually responds well to sulfa-containing antibiotics. Steroids are often additionally used in more severe cases.

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Viral pneumonias do not typically respond to antibiotic treatment. These infections can be caused by adenoviruses, rhinovirus, influenza virus (flu), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and parainfluenza virus (that also causes croup). These pneumonias usually resolve over time with the body’s immune system fighting off the infection. It is important to make sure that a bacterial pneumonia does not secondarily develop. If it does, then the bacterial pneumonia is treated with appropriate antibiotics. In some situations, antiviral therapy is helpful in treating these conditions.

Fungal infections that can lead to pneumonia include histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, blastomycosis, aspergillosis, and cryptococcosis. These are responsible for a relatively